2008年9月12日星期五

US Code 美国法典

美国任何一部法律的产生首先由美国国会议员提出法案,当这个法案获得国会通过后,将被提交给美国总统给予批准,一旦该法案被总统批准(有可能被否决)就成为法律(Act)。当一部法律通过后,国会众议院就把法律的内容公布在美国法典上。
  1926年美国人将建国二百多年以来国会制定的所有立法(除独立宣言、联邦条例和联邦宪法外)加以整理编纂,按50个项目系统地分类编排,命名为《美国法典》(United States Code,简称USC),首次以15卷的篇幅发表,这是第一版《美国法典》。1964年又出版了修订版,以后每年还出增刊。      

(一)《美国法典》的体系与结构
  该法典根据法律规范所涉及的领域和调整对象,划分为50个主题或“部”(Title)。它们依次是:总则、国会、总统、国旗,国玺,政府部门和联邦各州、政府组织与雇员、担保债务(现已废除)、农业、外国人与国籍、仲裁、武装力量、破产、银行与金融、人口普查、海岸警卫、商业与贸易、资源保护、版权、犯罪与刑事程序、关税、教育、食品与药品、对外关系、公路、医院与收容所、印第安人、财政收入、麻醉性酒精、司法和司法程序、劳工、矿藏和采矿、货币与财政、国民警卫、航运与可航水域、海军(现已废除)、专利、宗教习俗、规制行业薪金与津贴、退伍军人救济金、邮政事业、公共建筑、公共合同、公共卫生与福利、公共土地、国家印刷品与文献、铁路、航运、电报,电话和无线电报,领土与岛屿所有权、交通、战争与国防。(除前六个总领性主题外,其余主题均按照A、B、C、D……的字母顺序依次排列)
  在50个主题之下,法典依次分为卷、章、部分、节、条等,法典最大的组成单位是卷,每一个主题对应一卷。每卷、章、部分、节、条都用简短的文字作题注。每条均用编号标注其来源,即哪一届国会通过的哪一部法律的哪一条,或者哪一届国会进行的修改。
50卷《美国法典》分卷标题中英对照一览表
第1篇 总则第2篇 国会第3篇 总统第4篇 国旗和国玺,政府所在地,以及各州第5篇 政府组织与雇员第6篇 国内安全第7篇 农业第8篇 外籍人和国籍第9篇 仲裁第10篇 武装力量第11篇 破产第12篇 银行和银行业第13篇 人口普查第14篇 海岸警卫队第15篇 商业和贸易第16篇 资源保护第17篇 版权第18篇 罪行和刑事诉讼第19篇 关税第20篇 教育第21篇 食品和药品第22篇 对外关系与交往第23篇 公路第24篇 医院和救济院第25篇 印第安人第26篇 国内税收法典第27篇 酒第28篇 司法制度和司法程序第29篇 劳工第30篇 矿藏土地和采矿第31篇 货币和财政第32篇 国民警卫队第33篇 航行和通航水域第34篇 海军(废止)第35篇 专利第36篇 爱国团体与章程第37篇 军职部门的薪金与津贴第38篇 退伍军人的福利第39篇 邮政第40篇 公共建筑、财产和工程第41篇 公共合同第42篇 公众健康与福利第43篇 公共土地第44篇 公共印刷业与文件第45篇 铁路第46篇 航运第47篇 电报、电话和无线电讯第48篇 领地和岛屿属地第49篇 运输第50篇 战争和国防
Title 1 General ProvisionsTitle 2 The CongressTitle 3 The PresidentTitle 4 Flag and Seal, Seat Of Government, and the States Title 5 Government Organization and EmployeesTitle 6 Domestic SecurityTitle 7 AgricultureTitle 8 Aliens and NationalityTitle 9 ArbitrationTitle 10 Armed ForcesTitle 11 BankruptcyTitle 12 Banks and BankingTitle 13 CensusTitle 14 Coast GuardTitle 15 Commerce and TradeTitle 16 ConservationTitle 17 CopyrightsTitle 18 Crimes and Criminal ProcedureTitle 19 Customs DutiesTitle 20 EducationTitle 21 Food and DrugsTitle 22 Foreign Relations and IntercourseTitle 23 HighwaysTitle 24 Hospitals and AsylumsTitle 25 IndiansTitle 26 Internal Revenue CodeTitle 27 Intoxicating LiquorsTitle 28 Judiciary and Judicial ProcedureTitle 29 LaborTitle 30 Mineral Lands and MiningTitle 31 Money and FinanceTitle 32 National GuardTitle 33 Navigation and Navigable WatersTitle 34 Navy (repealed)Title 35 PatentsTitle 36 Patriotic Societies and ObservancesTitle 37 Pay and Allowances Of the Uniformed ServicesTitle 38 Veterans' BenefitsTitle 39 Postal ServiceTitle 40 Public Buildings, Property, and WorksTitle 41 Public ContractsTitle 42 The Public Health and WelfareTitle 43 Public LandsTitle 44 Public Printing and DocumentsTitle 45 RailroadsTitle 46 ShippingTitle 47 Telegraphs, Telephones, and RadiotelegraphsTitle 48 Territories and Insular PossessionsTitle 49 TransportationTitle 50 War and National Defense

  (二)《美国法典》的编纂程序
  国会每颁布一部法律,在发行单行本的同时,由设在美国国会众议院内的法律修订委员会办公室的专业人员将这部法律分解为若干部分,再根据其规范的内容编排到50个相应主题的相关卷中。如美国法典第十二卷为“银行与金融”,其内容就是由每一届国会通过的法律中涉及银行和金融的全部条款经分解后重新组装而成。这样编纂的好处在于,人们只需要查看第十二卷就可以找到现行有效的所有美国银行和金融方面的法律规定,而无需查阅卷帙浩繁的法律全书。承担法典编纂工作的法律修订委员会办公室只能对法律作一些必要的技术处理,如涉及到法律含义等重大问题时,则必须报经国会审议通过。
  美国法典每隔六年重新编纂颁布一次,目前最新版本是1994年法典,共35卷。在六年期间,每年将国会当年通过的法律按照法典编排的序号,编辑成一个补充卷。在新的法典尚未编纂之前,人们可以通过补充卷来查阅和引用最新的法律规定。


Wikipedia中,对《美国法典》的结构有着更清楚的介绍。
The Code is divided into 50 titles (listed below), which deal with broad, logically organized areas of legislation. Titles may optionally be divided into subtitles, parts, subparts, chapters, and subchapters. All titles have sections as their smallest basic coherent unit, though sections are often divided into subsections, paragraphs, and clauses. Not all titles use the same series of subdivisions above the section level, and they may arrange them in different order. For example, in Title 26 (the tax code), the order of subdivision runs Title - Subtitle - Chapter - Subchapter - Part - Subpart - Section - Subsection - Paragraph - Subparagraph - Clause - Subclause. In Title 38 (Veteran's Benefits) the order runs Title - Part - Chapter - Subchapter - Section. Put another way, the Title is always the largest division of the Code, and the section the smallest (except for subsections, paragraphs, clauses, etc.), but intermediate levels vary in both number and sequence from Title to Title.
The word "title" in this context is roughly akin to a printed "volume," although many of the larger titles span multiple volumes. Similarly, no particular size or length is associated with other subdivisions; a section might run several pages in print, or just a sentence or two. Some subdivisions within particular titles acquire meaning of their own; for example, it's common for lawyers to refer to a "Chapter 11" bankruptcy or a "Subchapter K" partnership.
A sample citation would be 5 U.S.C. § 552a, the Privacy Act of 1974. A lawyer would read that out loud as "Title five, United States Code, section five hundred fifty-two A."
When sections are repealed, their text is deleted and replaced by a note summarizing what used to be there. This is necessary so that lawyers reading old cases can understand what the cases are talking about. As a result, some portions of the Code consist entirely of empty chapters full of historical notes. For example, Title 8, Chapter 7 is labeled "Exclusion of Chinese." This contains historical notes relating to the Chinese Exclusion Act, which is no longer in effect.

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